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document.write("Vol 4(1):March 2001</B></FONT><TD ALIGN=right><FONT COLOR=green SIZE=4><B>");
document.write("Page 3</B></FONT></TR></TABLE><HR COLOR=red SIZE=4>");
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document.write("<B>Dr T V Ramachandra, Centre for Ecological Sciences</B></FONT></CENTER>");
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document.write("Energy is the key element in production processes, the lack or shortage of ");
document.write("which has serious effects on our economy.  Energy systems should be consistent"); 
document.write("with environmental, economic and social sustainability  to ensure regional ");
document.write("sustainable development. Energy utilisation in India and in Karnataka state ");
document.write("differs radically from that of the industrialised countries. Non commercial ");
document.write("sources of energy such as firewood, agricultural residues, etc.  constitute ");
document.write("the main source of energy in rural areas. Linkages between various energy sub ");
document.write("sectors such as coal, oil, electricity and non commercial energy sources are ");
document.write("non existent. Energy planning is not an integrated activity  in our country. ");
document.write("Secondly, the planning activity considers only the demand and projects it over ");
document.write("a period of years without considering the end use efficiency. The primary goal ");
document.write("of the planners is to go in for supply expansions based on the assumption of ");
document.write("linkage between energy consumption and the economic growth. Subsequently, the ");
document.write("focus is on meeting an  increased energy consumption through energy supply ");
document.write("expansion alone. This results in inefficiency and environmental problems. This ");
document.write("conflict can be solved through integrated approaches  by optimising the ");
document.write("problem of energy planning with emphasis to minimise the consumption of non ");
document.write("renewable sources of energy and  maximise efficiency of end use devices in all ");
document.write("sectors, encouraging maximal use of renewable sources.<BR><BR><BR>");
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document.write("The central theme of the integrated energy plan is to prepare an area based ");
document.write("decentralised energy plan to meet the energy needs for subsistence and ");
document.write("development of alternate energy sources  at least cost to the economy and ");
document.write("environment.  Centralised energy planning exercises cannot pay attention to ");
document.write("variations in socio-economic and ecological factors of a region, which ");
document.write("influence success of any intervention. Decentralised energy planning takes ");
document.write("into account, various resources available and demand  in a region and support ");
document.write("efficient utilisation of resources. The district is accepted as the appropriate ");
document.write("planning level and  Uttara Kannada district, Karnataka State,  is chosen  for ");
document.write("this purpose. Planned interventions to reduce energy scarcity can take various ");
document.write("forms such as (a) energy conservation, (b) supply expansions through energy ");
document.write("plantations and (c) alternatives - renewable sources of energy. Regional ");
document.write("energy planning encompasses the simultaneous consideration of hydrological, ");
document.write("soil and bio resources, through effective use of spatial and temporal analytical ");
document.write("tools (GIS and Remote Sensing data), which help in better understanding the ");
document.write("multi variate dimensions of ecosystem management. The energy plan consists of ");
document.write("the following components:");
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document.write("<LI><P ALIGN=justify>Assessment of Supply Situation: Analysis of present energy ");
document.write("supply system; potential assessment of renewable sources such as solar, wind, ");
document.write("hydro, woody and other bioresources. ");
document.write("<LI><P ALIGN=justify>Sectorwise Energy Demand: Assessment of the present ");
document.write("energy consumption in different sectors for various end uses covering the type ");
document.write("of fuel, magnitude and composition of fuel, trends, seasonal constraints, etc. ");
document.write("<LI><P ALIGN=justify>Development of Energy Plan: Based on the estimated supply ");
document.write("vand demand, an energy plan gives an optimal mix of new renewable/conventional ");
document.write("energy sources to meet the energy demand in accordance with the development ");
document.write("priorities. This exercise describes an optimum satisfying energy allocation ");
document.write("plan for the year 2005, 2010 and 2015. Techno-economic analyses of various ");
document.write("energy technologies are carried out to find out technical and economic ");
document.write("viability of the system. ");
document.write("<LI><P ALIGN=justify>Suggestions for Implementation and Management: With the ");
document.write("knowledge of administrative structure at district level and agencies implementing ");
document.write("energy development programmes, a suitable institutional structure is suggested ");
document.write("for implementing and managing the energy plan. ");
document.write("</OL><BR><BR><BR>");
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document.write("Energy demand survey of various sectors shows that the district mainly depends ");
document.write("on noncommercial energy sources (96.34%) such as firewood (78.09%), dung ");
document.write("(13.12%), etc. While, commercial sources such as electricity (2.86%), ");
document.write("kerosene, diesel, petrol, etc., (0.90%) and LPG (0.0001%) constitute 3.66% of ");
document.write("the total energy consumption. Sourcewise and sectorwise consumption of energy ");
document.write("shows that domestic (77.673%), agriculture (5.02422%) and industry (13.535%) ");
document.write("sectors mainly depend  on non commercial sources of energy. There is scope for ");
document.write("saving energy of the order of 27% to 42% by switching over to improved devices ");
document.write("designed with objectives to maximise combustion rate, radiant heat transfer, ");
document.write("convection, conduction  and user satisfaction. Optimisation carried out with ");
document.write("the objective of maximisation of efficiency of 'source-task-device' combination ");
document.write("shows energy saving of 34.08%, while based on cost minimisation shows  ");
document.write("substantial savings of about 19.19% in energy and 36.24%  cost reduction in ");
document.write("overall energy system. The scenario analyses reveal that renewable energy ");
document.write("resources (solar, hydro, bioenergy, etc.) can meet the requirements of the ");
document.write("district even for high growth rates.");
document.write("</P></FONT><HR COLOR=red SIZE=4>");
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