| Command | | | Description |
| | |
|
| apropos word | | | Show commands pertinent to word |
| which command | | | Show full path name of command |
| time command | | | See how long a command takes |
| time cat | | | Start stopwatch. Ctrl-d to stop. |
| nice info | | | Run a low priority command (info in this case) |
| renice 19 -p $$ | | | Make shell (script) low priority. Use for non interactive tasks |
| look reference | | | Quickly search (sorted) dictionary for prefix |
| grep --color reference /usr/share/dict/words | | | Highlight occurances of regular expression in dictionary |
| gpg -c file | | | Encrypt file
|
| gpg file.gpg | | | Decrypt file |
| alias hd='od -Ax -tx1z -v' | | | Handy hexdump. (usage e.g.: • hd /proc/self/cmdline | less) |
| alias realpath='readlink -f' | | | Canonicalize path. (usage e.g.: • realpath ~/../$USER) |
| set | grep $USER | | | Search current environment |
| ls /usr/bin | pr -T9 -W$COLUMNS | | | Print in 9 columns to width of terminal |
| touch -c -t 0304050607 file | | | Set file timestamp (YYMMDDhhmm) |
| | |
|
| dir navigation |
| | | | |
| cd - | | | Go to previous directory |
| cd | | | Go to home directory |
| (cd dir && command) | | | Go to dir, execute command and return to current dir |
| pushd . | | | Put current dir on stack so you can popd back to it |
| | |
|
| CDs |
| | | | |
| gzip < /dev/cdrom > cdrom.iso.gz | | | Save copy of data cdrom |
| mkisofs -V NAME -r dir | gzip > cdrom.iso.gz | | | Create cdrom image from contents of dir |
| mount -o loop cdrom.iso /mnt/dir | | | Mount the cdrom image at /mnt/dir (read only) |
| cdrecord -v dev=/dev/cdrom blank=fast | | | Clear a CDRW |
| gzip -dc cdrom.iso.gz | cdrecord -v dev=/dev/cdrom - | | | Burn cdrom image (use dev=ATAPI -scanbus to confirm dev) |
| cdparanoia -B | | | Rip audio tracks from CD to wav files in current dir |
| cdrecord -v dev=/dev/cdrom -audio *.wav | | | Make audio CD from all wavs in current dir (see also cdrdao) |
| oggenc --tracknum='track' track.cdda.wav -o 'track.ogg' | | | Make ogg file from wav file |
| | |
|
| archives |
| | | | |
| tar c dir/ | bzip2 > dir.tar.bz2 | | | Make archive of dir/ |
| bzip2 -dc dir.tar.bz2 | tar x | | | Extract archive (use gzip instead of bzip2 for tar.gz files) |
| tar c dir/ | gzip | gpg -c | ssh user@remote 'dd of=dir.tar.gz.gpg' | | | Make encrypted archive of dir/ on remote machine |
| find dir/ -name '*.txt' | tar c --files-from=- | bzip2 > dir_txt.tar.bz2 | | | Make archive of subset of dir/ and below
|
| find dir/ -name '*.txt' | xargs cp -a --target-directory=dir_txt/ --parents | | | Make copy of subset of dir/ and below
|
| ( tar c /dir/to/copy ) | ( cd /where/to/ && tar x -p ) | | | Copy (with permissions) copy/ dir to /where/to/ dir |
| ( cd /dir/to/copy && tar c . ) | ( cd /where/to/ && tar x -p ) | | | Copy (with permissions) contents of copy/ dir to /where/to/
|
| ( tar c /dir/to/copy ) | ssh -C user@remote 'cd /where/to/ && tar x -p' | | | Copy (with permissions) copy/ dir to remote:/where/to/ dir |
| dd bs=1M if=/dev/sda | gzip | ssh user@remote 'dd of=sda.gz'B | | | Backup harddisk to remote machine
|
| | |
|
| rsync (Use the --dry-run option for testing) |
| | | | |
| rsync -P rsync://rsync.server.com/path/to/file file | | | Only get diffs. Do multiple times for troublesome downloads |
| rsync --bwlimit=1000 fromfile tofile | | | Locally copy with rate limit. It's like nice for I/O |
| rsync -az -e ssh --delete ~/public_html/ remote.com:'~/public_html' | | | Mirror web site (using compression and encryption)
|
| rsync -auz -e ssh remote:/dir/ . && rsync -auz -e ssh . remote:/dir/ | | | Synchronize current directory with remote one |
| | |
|
| file searching |
| | | | |
| alias l='ls -l --color=auto' | | | quick dir listing |
| ls -lrt | | | List files by date. See also newest and find_mm_yyyy |
| find -name '*.[ch]' | xargs grep -E 'expr' | | | Search 'expr' in this dir and below. See also findrepo |
| find -type f -print0 | xargs -r0 grep -F 'example' | | | Search all regular files for 'example' in this dir and below |
| find -maxdepth 1 -type f | xargs grep -F 'example' | | | Search all regular files for 'example' in this dir |
| find -maxdepth 1 -type d | while read dir; do echo $dir; echo cmd2; done | | | Process each item with multiple commands (in while loop) |
| find -type f ! -perm -444 | | | Find files not readable by all (useful for web site) |
| find -type d ! -perm -111 | | | Find dirs not accessible by all (useful for web site) |
| locate -r 'file[^/]*\.txt' | | | Search cached index for names. This re is like glob *file*.txt |
| | |
|
| networking (Note ifconfig, route, mii-tool, nslookup commands are obsolete) |
| | | | |
| ip link show | | | List interfaces
|
| ethtool interface | | | List interface status
|
| ip link set dev eth0 name wan | | | Rename eth0 to wan |
ip addr add 1.2.3.4/24 brd + dev eth0
| | | Add ip and mask(255.255.255.0) |
| ip link set dev interface up | | | Bring interface up (or down) |
| ip route add default via 1.2.3.254 | | | Set default gateway to 1.2.3.254 |
| tc qdisc add dev lo root handle 1:0 netem delay 20msec | | | Add 20ms latency to loopback device (for testing) |
| tc qdisc del dev lo root | | | Remove latency added above |
| host pixelbeat.org | | | Lookup ip address for name or vice versa |
| hostname -i | | | Lookup local ip address (equivalent to host `hostname`) |
| netstat -tupl | | | List internet services on a system |
netstat -tup
| | | List active connections to/from system |
| | |
|
| wget (multi purpose download tool) |
| | | | |
| (cd cmdline && wget -nd -pHEKk http://www.pixelbeat.org/cmdline.html) | | | Store local browsable version of a page to the current dir |
| wget -c http://www.example.com/large.file | | | Continue downloading a partially downloaded file |
| wget -r -nd -np -l1 -A '*.jpg' http://www.example.com/dir/ | | | Download a set of files to the current directory |
| wget ftp://remote/file[1-9].iso/ | | | FTP supports globbing directly |
| wget -q -O- http://www.pixelbeat.org/timeline.html | grep 'a href' | head | | | Process output directly
|
| echo 'wget url' | at 01:00 | | | Download url at 1AM to current dir
|
| wget --limit-rate=20k url | | | Do a low priority download (limit to 20KB/s in this case) |
| wget -nv --spider --force-html -i bookmarks.html | | | Check links in a file
|
| wget --mirror http://www.example.com/ | | | Efficiently update a local copy of a site (handy from cron) |
| | |
|
| windows (note samba is the package that provides all this windows specific networking support) |
| | | | |
| smbtree | | | Find windows machines. See also findsmb |
| nmblookup -A 1.2.3.4 | | | Find the windows (netbios) name associated with ip address |
| smbclient -L windows_box | | | List shares on windows machine or samba server |
| mount -t smbfs -o fmask=666,guest //windows_box/share /mnt/share | | | Mount a windows share |
echo 'message' | smbclient -M windows_box
| | | Send popup to windows machine (off by default in XP sp2) |
| | |
|
| math |
| | | | |
| echo '(1 + sqrt(5))/2' | bc -l | | | Quick math (Calculate φ) |
| echo 'pad=20; min=64; (100*10^6)/((pad+min)*8)' | bc | | | More complex (int) e.g. This shows max FastE packet rate |
| echo 'pad=20; min=64; print (100E6)/((pad+min)*8)' | python | | | Python handles scientific notation |
| echo 'pad=20; plot [64:1518] (100*10**6)/((pad+x)*8)' | gnuplot -persist | | | Plot FastE packet rate vs packet size |
| echo 'obase=16; ibase=10; 64206' | bc | | | Base conversion (decimal to hexadecimal) |
| echo $((0x2dec)) | | | Base conversion (hex to dec) ((shell arithmetic expansion)) |
| units -t '100m/9.74s' 'miles/hour' | | | Unit conversion (metric to imperial) |
| units -t '500GB' 'GiB' | | | Unit conversion (SI to IEC prefixes) |
| units -t '1 googol' | | | Definition lookup |
| seq 100 | (tr '\n' +; echo 0) | bc | | | Add a column of numbers |
| | |
|
| text manipulation (note sed uses stdin and stdout, so if you want to edit files, append <oldfile >newfile) |
| | | | |
| sed 's/string1/string2/g' | | | Replace string1 with string2 |
| sed 's/\(.*\)1/\12/g' | | | Modify anystring1 to anystring2 |
| sed '/ *#/d; /^ *$/d' | | | Remove comments and blank lines |
| sed ':a; /\\$/N; s/\\\n//; ta' | | | Concatenate lines with trailing \ |
| sed 's/[ \t]*$//' | | | Remove trailing spaces from lines |
| sed 's/\([\\`\\"$\\\\]\)/\\\1/g' | | | Escape shell metacharacters active within double quotes |
| sed -n '1000p;1000q' | | | Print 1000th line |
| sed -n '10,20p;20q' | | | Print lines 10 to 20 |
| sed -n 's/.*<title>\(.*\)<\/title>.*/\1/ip;T;q' | | | Extract title from HTML web page |
| sort -t. -k1,1n -k2,2n -k3,3n -k4,4n | | | Sort IPV4 ip addresses |
| echo 'Test' | tr '[:lower:]' '[:upper:]' | | | Case conversion |
| tr -dc '[:print:]' < /dev/urandom | | | Filter non printable characters |
| grep 'processor' /proc/cpuinfo | wc -l | | | Count lines |
| | |
|
| set operations (Note LANG=C is for speed) |
| | | | |
LANG=C sort file1 file2 | uniq
| | | Union of unsorted files |
| LANG=C sort file1 file2 | uniq -d | | | Intersection of unsorted files |
| LANG=C sort file1 file1 file2 | uniq -u | | | Difference of unsorted files |
| LANG=C sort file1 file2 | uniq -u | | | Symmetric Difference of unsorted files |
| LANG=C comm file1 file2 | sed 's/^\t*//' | | | Union of sorted files |
| LANG=C comm -12 file1 file2 | | | Intersection of sorted files |
| LANG=C comm -13 file1 file2 | | | Difference of sorted files |
| LANG=C comm -3 file1 file2 | sed 's/^\t*//' | | | Symmetric Difference of sorted files |
| | |
|
| calendar |
| | | | |
| cal -3 | | | Display a calendar |
| cal 9 1752 | | | Display a calendar for a particular month year |
| date -d fri | | | What date is it this friday |
| date --date='25 Dec' +%A | | | What day does xmas fall on, this year |
| date --date '1970-01-01 UTC 2147483647 seconds' | | | Convert number of seconds since the epoch to a date |
| TZ=':America/Los_Angeles' date | | | What time is it on West coast of US (use tzselect to find TZ) |
| echo "mail -s 'get the train'
This e-mail address is being protected from spam bots, you need JavaScript enabled to view it
< /dev/null" | at 17:45 | | | Email reminder |
| echo "DISPLAY=$DISPLAY xmessage cooker" | at "NOW + 30 minutes" | | | Popup reminder |
| | |
|
locales
|
| | | | |
| printf "%'d\n" 1234 | | | Print number with thousands grouping appropriate to locale |
| BLOCK_SIZE=\'1 ls -l | | | get ls to do thousands grouping appropriate to locale |
| echo "I live in `locale territory`" | | | Extract info from locale database |
| locale | cut -d= -f1 | xargs locale -kc | less | | | List fields in locale database |
| LANG=en_IE.utf8 locale int_prefix | | | Lookup locale info for specific country |
| | |
|
disk space (See also FSlint)
|
| |
| ls -lSr | | | Show files, biggest last |
| du -s * | sort -k1,1rn | head | | | Show top disk users in current dir |
| df -h | | | Show free disk space |
df -i
| | | Show free inodes |
| fdisk -l | | | Show disks partitions sizes and types (run as root) |
| rpm -q -a --qf '%10{SIZE}\t%{NAME}\n' | sort -k1,1n | | | List all packages by installed size (Bytes) on rpm distros |
| dpkg-query -W -f='${Installed-Size;10}\t${Package}\n' | sort -k1,1n | | | List all packages by installed size (KBytes) on deb distros |
| dd bs=1 seek=2TB if=/dev/null of=ext3.test | | | Create a large test file (taking no space) |
| | |
|
| monitoring/debugging |
| | | | |
| strace -c ls >/dev/null | | | Summarise/profile system calls made by command |
| strace -f -e open ls >/dev/null | | | List system calls made by command |
| ltrace -f -e getenv ls >/dev/null | | | List library calls made by command
|
| lsof -p $$ | | | List paths that process id has open
|
| lsof ~ | | | List processes that have specified path open |
| tcpdump not port 22 | | | Show network traffic except ssh |
| ps -e -o pid,args --forest | | | List processes in a hierarchy
|
| ps -e -o pcpu,cpu,nice,state,cputime,args --sort pcpu | sed '/^ 0.0 /d' | | | List processes by % cpu usage |
| ps -e -orss=,args= | sort -b -k1,1n | pr -TW$COLUMNS | | | List processes by mem usage |
| ps -C firefox-bin -L -o pid,tid,pcpu,state | | | List all threads for a particular process |
| ps -p 1,2 | | | List info for particular process IDs |
| last reboot | | | Show system reboot history |
| free -m | | | Show amount of (remaining) RAM (-m displays in MB) |
| watch -n1 'cat /proc/interrupts' | | | Watch changeable data continuously |
| | |
|
| System information (see also sysinfo) ('#' means root access is required) |
| | | | |
| dmidecode -q | less | | | Display SMBIOS/DMI information |
| smartctl -A /dev/sda | grep Power_On_Hours | | | How long has this disk (system) been powered on in total |
| hdparm -i /dev/sda | | | Show info about disk sda |
| hdparm -tT /dev/sda | | | Do a read speed test on disk sda |
| badblocks -s /dev/sda | | | Test for unreadable blocks on disk sda |
| mount | column -t | | | Show mounted filesystems on the system (and align output) |
| cat /proc/partitions | | | Show all partitions registered on the system |
| grep MemTotal /proc/meminfo | | | Show RAM total seen by the system |
| grep "model name" /proc/cpuinfo | | | Show CPU(s) info
|
| lspci -tv | | | Show PCI info |
| lsusb -tv | | | Show USB info |
| | |
|
| recode (Obsoletes iconv, dos2unix, unix2dos) |
| | | | |
| recode -l | less | | | Show available conversions (aliases on each line) |
| recode windows-1252.. file_to_change.txt | | | Windows "ansi" to local charset (auto does CRLF conversion) |
| recode utf-8/CRLF.. file_to_change.txt | | | Windows utf8 to local charset |
| recode iso-8859-15..utf8 file_to_change.txt | | | Latin9 (western europe) to utf8 |
| recode ../b64 < file.txt > file.b64 | | | Base64 encode |
recode /qp.. < file.txt > file.qp
| | | Quoted printable decode |
| recode ..HTML < file.txt > file.html | | | Text to HTML |
| recode -lf windows-1252 | grep euro | | | Lookup table of characters |
| echo -n 0x80 | recode latin-9/x1..dump | | | Show what a code represents in latin-9 charmap |
| echo -n 0x20AC | recode ucs-2/x2..latin-9/x | | | Show latin-9 encoding |
| echo -n 0x20AC | recode ucs-2/x2..utf-8/x | | | Show utf-8 encoding |
| | |
|
| interactive |
| | | | |
mc
| | | Powerful file manager that can browse rpm, tar, ftp, ssh, ... |
| screen | | | Virtual terminals with detach capability, ... |
| links | | | Web browser |
| gnuplot | | | Interactive/scriptable graphing |
| octave | | | Matlab like environment |
| | |
|
[Sourcre: http://www.pixelbeat.org/cmdline.html ]
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